Compare and Contrast African American, Native American,...

The United States has always been considered a melting pot and because of all the cultural diversity there exist many different beliefs and values about raising our children. The three major ethnic groups in the United States today are African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans. This is followed by the three different parenting styles that many parents go by when raising their children. The Authoritarian style show very little emotion but give their children a lot of direction in life, they are viewed as very controlling. Their attitude is â€Å"I am in charge and set/ enforce the rules, no matter what. Because of this these parents may sometimes be viewed as harsh or emotionally aloof. Hispanic parents have been described as more†¦show more content†¦Authoritative parents set high goals for their children and encourage more responsibility and freedom, within well-outlined rules. It is said that children of authoritative parents usually grow up to be very independent , socially successful, and respectful of authority. In many ways the conditions of social class affect parent’s options and decisions they face when parenting. â€Å"Children living inShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform

Essay about Marketing Plan - New Nivea Product - 1505 Words

Executive Summary: Youth, timeless beauty and the pursuit of perfection seem to be on the forefront of everyones agenda. From television portraying reality shows such as Extreme Makeover and fictional dramas such as Nip and Tuck, it is no wonder Americans are obsessed with finding the ultimate secret to looking flawless. The beauty industry is a 40 billion dollar enterprise, (News Target, 2005) dedicated to helping women look their best so it is no wonder companies such as Nivea is re-evaluating their posture in the U.S. market, positioning themselves to take advantage of the growing interest in cosmetic remedies to turning back the clock. Research conducted by the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery in 2003†¦show more content†¦With celebrity endorsements on the rise, the American public optimistically is experimenting with new products trying to achieve the look of Hollywood stars. Unfortunately, consumers do not have the financial means to keep up with the regime the celebrities exercise, therefore, Nivea has developed a new product using European ingenuity to introduce to the American Woman, DERMA P2. Product Description: Nivea Derma P2 is a cosmetic topical cream designed to help individuals from adolescence to maturity. Derma P2 is a unique product containing various types of placenta and papaya extracts, a rich source of skin nutrients and re-generation properties. The product exfoliates at an accelerated rate due to the concentration of the two key ingredients. Derma P2 removes acne and other deep scars, sun damage, freckles, wrinkles, re-hydrates the skin, improves elasticity, and slows down the process of skin damage from UV rays. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: Nivea has international brand name recognition Existing customer base Already has good reputation in global skincare market Good marketing team Strong executive team Cost effective ingredients Product is affordable Effective on age groups from adolescence to maturity Weaknesses: Key Ingredients may cause controversy Advertising challenges due to keyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Marketing Plan - New Nivea Product1458 Words   |  6 PagesMakeover† and fictional dramas such as â€Å"Nip and Tuck†, it is no wonder Americans are obsessed with finding the ultimate secret to looking flawless. The beauty industry is a 40 billion dollar enterprise, (News Target, 2005) dedicated to helping women look their best so it is no wonder companies such as Nivea is re-evaluating their posture in the U.S. market, positioning themselves to take advantage of the growing interest in cosmetic remedies to turning back the clock. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ResearchRead MoreCase Study - Nivea for Men1042 Words   |  5 PagesMARKETING MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY – NIVEA FOR MEN [pic] Lecturer: Mr. George Wilds Due Date: February 27, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 BRIEF HISTORY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....................5-8 ↠ QUESTION 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 ↠ QUESTION 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 ↠ QUESTION 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 ↠ QUESTION 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Read MoreNivea Case Study838 Words   |  4 PagesMarketing Foundations Professor: Vernette Sinaise Nandy Nedd 1. A Marketing plan is defined as a plan to identify and then meet consumers’ requirements. NIVEA FOR MEN developed its marketing plan after doing a market research. Two pieces of data that NIVEA used when preparing its marketing plan to re-launch NIVEA FOR MEN are: a. Past performance data of NIVEA FOR MEN in the UK to see how the brand was performing and the promotion they used and who was buying the product, they were ableRead MoreCase study Nivea2466 Words   |  10 Pagesuk Developing a marketing plan Introduction The NIVEA ® brand is one of the most recognised skin and beauty care brands in the world. NIVEA creme was first introduced in 1911 and the NIVEA brand now extends to 14 product ranges worldwide from suncare to facial moisturisers, deodorant and shower products. In 1980 when Beiersdorf, the international company that owns NIVEA, launched its NIVEA FOR MEN ® range internationally, it broke new ground with its aftershave balm product. It was the firstRead MoreNivea2032 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The NIVEA ® brand is one of the most recognised skin and beauty care brands in the world. NIVEA creme was first introduced in 1911 and the NIVEA brand now extends to 14 product ranges worldwide from suncare to facial moisturisers, deodorant and shower products. In 1980 when Beiersdorf, the international company that owns NIVEA, launched its NIVEA FOR MEN  ® range internationally, it broke new ground with its aftershave balm product. It was the first balm on the market that did notRead MoreU QCF HB 19 M3422 Words   |  14 PagesUnit Number and Title: Marketing Planning (Unit 19) Unit Level: Level 5 Unit Code: Y/601/1259 Module Tutor: BM Razzak Email: razzak@londonchurchillcollege.co.uk Date Set: 10/05/2015 Key dates Distribution date: 27/05/2015 Submission date: 1st July 2015 Return date: 4 weeks after submission Introduction Effective planning is essential for any marketing activity to ensure that an organisation realises its marketing objectives. Without planning, marketing activity can be inappropriateRead MoreLimitations of Marketing Research Essay example2333 Words   |  10 PagesM2: Explain the limitations of marketing research used to contribute to the development of Nivea. No matter how small or large a market research project may be, any type of research performed poorly will not give relevant results. In fact, all research, no matter how well controlled, carries the potential to be wrong. There are many reasons why research may not give good results but a common problem is deciding whether the research is really measuring what it claims to be measuring. ThereRead MoreConsumer Behavior: Niveas Temporary Shop2501 Words   |  11 PagesA NEW TREND ON RETAIL: NIVEA S TEMPORARY SHOP Outline I. Introduction to Consumer Behaviour II. The consumer decision process III. Case study: â€Å"Nivea† firm i. History and products ii. Strategy iii. Marketing Mix and Positioning iv. Innovative strategy: â€Å"Nivea Temporary Shop† v. The â€Å"Nivea Hair Care Experience Tour† vi. Consumers’ reaction IV. Conclusions V. References Read MoreNivea Visage : Brand And Beauty Care Brands Essay2169 Words   |  9 Pages1. Introduction The NIVEA brand is one of the most recognised skin and beauty care brands in the world. This is based in Hamburg, Germany. As one of the internationally leading companies for skin care Nivea are close to consumers, offering them compelling, innovative products. Brands enjoy universal trust – from NIVEA, one of the world’s largest skin care brands, to other successful brands such as Eucerin, La Prairie, Elastoplast, Elastoplast Sport and Leuko. With more than 125 years’ experienceRead MoreNivea Is More Than Just Part Of Our Core Business Essay2486 Words   |  10 Pages1. Introduction Nivea is an established name in high quality skin and beauty care product. It is part of a range of brands produced and sold by Beiersdorf, founded in 1882, has grown to be a global company specializing in skin and beauty care. Over the past 10 years the company has grown rapidly in the UK by developing a balanced and well managed portfolio of brands. Nivea as one of the internationally leading companies for skin care which are close to consumers, offering them compelling, innovative

Tuition Is Necessarily for All Students, What Do You Think Free Essays

Nowadays, tuition has become indispensable for the new generation. There are many tuition centres in our country. Tuition has also become common among students nowadays. We will write a custom essay sample on Tuition Is Necessarily for All Students, What Do You Think? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many of them are attending tuition classes after school. Some of them have to attend tuition classes every day even during public holidays. I agree that tuition is necessary for students. It is needed in order to achieve the optimum academic performance. Tuition is an effective extra coaching for all students. Some of them are unable to catch up in school due to too much work load give to them in school. As a tuition class is smaller compare to a class in the school, the tutors can give their students more individual attention. Tutors can also target students’ weaknesses and try to improve their academic performance in school. Normally, students who attend tuition will be able to catch up and have some improvement in their studies. Besides that, the tutors can get more freedom in tuition. They do not need to follow and stick to the syllabus in school strictly. There is more variety in tuition and this can make the students gain more extra knowledge. Tutors can also set the exercises according to the students’ needs. The exercises according to their needs are very effective to help them to score good marks in the exam. Tutors can give the weaker students more remedial work to help them to catch up. On the other hand, they can give the brighter students some enrichment exercise to help them score better in the exams. Tuition is a necessity to achieve the optimum performance. It helps students to have a good preparation for the exam. Tutors specifically teacher students on how to score well in exams. The tutors will give them plenty of exam oriented questions so that they will know how to answer the questions and score good marks in the exams. Tuition has good track records. It helps students to pass their tests or exams in flying colours. Students can achieve good results by attending tuition classes. In addition, tuition is essential to balance the students’ studies and recreation. It can prevent them from wasting their time doing recreation activities such as watching movies, playing computer games, shopping and others. It can help them to utilize their time efficiently but not wasting their time for recreation or just doing revision at home. It is important in balancing their free time. Lastly, students can get many benefits from tuition. Students can deepen or enrich their knowledge about the topics on core subjects. Tuition also gives extra knowledge that is useful in the future. The students who attend the tuition classes have the edge over the others. This can make them perform well in class and score well in exams. In the nutshell, attending tuition classes I necessary to all students. It gives an edge to students who attend the classes. They are able to perform better in exams and score good results. It is important to balance studies and recreation as students will not waste their time doing something unbeneficial. Thus, I agree that tuition is a necessity for all students as it gives lots of benefits to them. How to cite Tuition Is Necessarily for All Students, What Do You Think?, Papers

Application Of Real Time PCR In Forensic Science

Question: Write an essay on Application of Real Time PCR in Forensic Science? Answer: Forensic science is the study of evidences through different scientific methodology in order to identify the criminal or the process of the crime and food analysis (Reischcl, Witter, Coceril, 2012). Polymerase Chain Reaction is used for amplification of a single DNA fragment into multiple DNA copies (Dietmaier, Witter and Sivasubramanian, 2013). Real time PCR technique is the polymerase chain reaction method the monitoring of the whole reaction process is done in the real time format (Giampaoli et al, 2012). Criminal acts such as murder, rape, sexual assaults are testified through different methods of forensic science. DNA profiling which includes techniques such as DNA typing, DNA testing and DNA fingerprinting is one of the most used techniques used by forensic scientists (Caniglia et al, 2010). To carry out such techniques, PCR is used as a tool. Nowadays, Real Time PCR is used for more specific identification of the evidences (Johnson, Wilson-Wilde and Linacre, 2014). The real-ti me fluorescence based quantitative PCR is one of the significant benchmark technology used in forensic science application. Another aspect where PCR is used based on mitochondrial genes is used for its matrilineal inheritance (McLaughlin, Doty and Lednav, 2014). As discussed in a research paper by Sinha and his coworkers, Retro transposable elements which is comprised of two regions known as LINEs (Long interspersed nuclear element) and SINEs (short interspersed nuclear element) can be used as marker for human identification and bio-ancestry testing. As Retro transposable elements does not cause shutter artifacts due to slippage at the time of PCR, the interpretation of the result becomes much easier (Sinha et al, 2015). In another research paper by Dawnay and his colleagues carried out real time PCR using HyBeacon probe technology which enabled them species detection. They used this method for rapid onsite non-human forensic testing. In cases of illegal animal killing, species identification is one of the major issues. In this method they have used a single HyBeacon probe and melt curve analysis for rapid screening. Melt curve detection process helps to detect species specific SNP sites present on the COI genes. This helps the forensic scientists to specifically identify a particular species of animal from unknown DNA sample (Dawnay, et al, 2016). Aims and Objectives The aim of the research carried out by Sudhir Sinha and his coworkers was to develop a novel and sensitive DNA marker which can be applied in forensic science for the identification of human DNA with an unknown DNA sample (Sinha et al, 2015). The aim of the research carried out by Nick Dawnay and his coworkers is to develop a technique which can be used for non-expert genetic species identification among different species. Another aspect of the aim was to design the application of this method for on-human forensic authentication (Dawnay, et al, 2016). Methodology In order to achieve the mentioned aim, Sinha and his colleague used novel primer design methodology. In this method they have used real time PCR technique for the novel primer design. Methylene specific polymerase chain reaction or MSP is used. MSP method removed the intra-spacing between the locus competition, which are found in case of heterozygote DNA. The samples were analyzed by Hardy-Weinberg expectation to demonstrate the linkage and disequilibrium between the sequences. Using a capillary electrophoresis technique the allelic nature of the alu typing system was also carried out. After that, the splicing reduces the amplicon size of loci region and in two allelic states of INNULs. In the second part they used real time qPCR. qPCR is used for the development of quantitative and qualitative assay. In case of development of PCR technique using HyBeacon probe technology. At first Nick and his colleagues used the Sample authentication-DNA sequencing. They extracted DNA samples from 42 different fish species. After that thee HyBeacon assay design was done. They downloaded the sequence data of Atlantic cod from BO LD and NCBI. Databas2.0 It is seen that Hybeaconprobes are generally 20 to 30 base pair long having short COI homology regions . The process also included pautive species specific SNP sites. Using this this technology they carried out the identification of key target species using Mega 6.0. After this multiple sequences were aligned using Clustal. After the design was done, they Develop the HyBeacon assay. This is the most crucial part, as the result of the entire research was dependent on this method. For the development of the specific cod assay, data was gathered from the genomic DNA. They categorized the experiment sensitivity and specificity studies were made. Result Sinha and his co workers observed that Retro transposable elements are in generally novel markers. They have a property of high copy number. They can be used for the most reproducible and sensitive DNA quantification. In the result Sinha observed that, Innotyper*21 amplification of A DNA sample collected from 2cm long rootless hair shaft. The result collected showed that there was a significant amount of DNA degradation and low level quantity was found. The sample which was yielded had the characteristics of a full genotype consistent with the buccal swab sample from the donor. As a result the Innotyper Retro transposable elements can be combined with ancestry informative ALU RE markers. These combination can be made small samples as less than 100 base pair. As a result the forensic samples will provide additional information. The detection of an ancestry gene within the sub-continental and continental population will diversify to detect human population in different forensic cases. The other major aspect of this method is that it can detect sample in highly degrade and low level conditions as well. The development aspect of small amplicon and the multiplex primer kit will help the scientists to prepare next generation sequencing libraries as well. These libraries will also help in forensic and bio-ancestral identification from unknown DNA sample. Nick and his coworkers found in their research that the detection capability of this process was about 7.5 pg of DNA. This is a high sensitivity detection phenomenon as compared to other c0onventional methods (De Bruyne et al, 2011). The result obtained showed that none of the non-target species in the tests showed repeated amplification or melt curve detection in the same regions (Winder et al, 2011). One of the reasons behind this finding is the lack of homology found in the primers and the test specimen (Filonzi et al, 2010). A diagnostic peak of Haddock was amplified to produce a melt peak. The result collected showed that Tm was 45 degrees Celsius and it was not miscalled. ANOVA analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the delta RFU for each melt curve. The results seen in ParaDNA software measured all three melt targets. As a result, it can be said the, using this technique more than one species can be detected in one sample at the same time. The ability of detecting numerous different species composition in a single sample may allow identification of separate form of the species (Cawthorn, Steinman and Witthuhn, 2012). Another aspect of this method is that it can be used to identify different sort of animal species in food departments as well. Impact of the Research Application of these two techniques will allow a whole net domain in forensic sciences (Nielsen et al, 2012). Using detection technique through the retro transposable elements will allow a diverse detection method. Population or a single individual can be identified with the help of low amount of samples such as body fluids, blood, hair or other DNA extractable samples. In case of forensic application, criminals can be easily identified and brought to justice. In many cases, forensic cannot detect DNA samples as the sample is of low amount or in degrading condition (Hennessy et al, 2014). This technique will allow the scientists to test sample which are not in good condition. In other hand, the technique of HyBeacon will allow the forensic scientist to test samples in illegal animal poacher or other assault (Grubaugh et al, 2013). The most important aspect of this method is that, more than one species can be detected through the analysis of one single sample (Dawnay et al, 2014). Thi s increases the sphere of detection, the method is also very much time consuming and easy to develop (Ball et al, 2015). This technology is ideal for non-expert users as well. As the method is very much easier to adopt and there is no use of hazardous element, the set up for such experiments can be established in current laboratories as well. Traditional detection methods often take a numerous number of days, but in this method, the results will be collected very much sooner. It can be concluded from the analysis of these two method that if these techniques are used in current forensic studies, the identification sphere will increase as well as it will increase the specificity of the identification (Tamura et al, 2013). References Ball, G., Dawnay, N., Stafford-Allen, B., Panasiuk, M., Rendell, P., Blackman, S., Duxbury, N. and Wells, S., 2015. Concordance study between the ParaDNA Intelligence Test, a Rapid DNA profiling assay, and a conventional STR typing kit (AmpFlSTR SGM Plus).Forensic Science International: Genetics,16, pp.48-51. Caniglia, R., Fabbri, E., Greco, C., Galaverni, M. and Randi, E., 2010. Forensic DNA against wildlife poaching: identification of a serial wolf killing in Italy.Forensic Science International: Genetics,4(5), pp.334-338. Cawthorn, D., Steinman, H.A. and Witthuhn, R.C., 2012. DNA barcoding reveals a high incidence of fish misrepresentation and substitution on the South African market. Dawnay, N., Hughes, R., Court, D.S. and Duxbury, N., 2016. Species detection using HyBeacon probe technology: Working towards rapid onsite testing in non-human forensic and food authentication applications.Forensic Science International: Genetics,20, pp.103-111. Dawnay, N., Stafford-Allen, B., Moore, D., Blackman, S., Rendell, P., Hanson, E.K., Ballantyne, J., Kallifatidis, B., Mendel, J., Mills, D.K. and Nagy, R., 2014. Developmental Validation of the ParaDNA Screening System-A presumptive test for the detection of DNA on forensic evidence items.Forensic Science International: Genetics,11, pp.73-79. De Bruyne, K., Slabbinck, B., Waegeman, W., Vauterin, P., De Baets, B. and Vandamme, P., 2011. Bacterial species identification from MALDI-TOF mass spectra through data analysis and machine learning.Systematic and applied microbiology,34(1), pp.20-29. Dietmaier, W., Wittwer, C. and Sivasubramanian, N. eds., 2013.Rapid Cycle Real-Time PCRMethods and Applications: Genetics and Oncology. Springer Science Business Media. Filonzi, L., Chiesa, S., Vaghi, M. and Marzano, F.N., 2010. Molecular barcoding reveals mislabelling of commercial fish products in Italy.Food Research International,43(5), pp.1383-1388. Giampaoli, S., Berti, A., Valeriani, F., Gianfranceschi, G., Piccolella, A., Buggiotti, L., Rapone, C., Valentini, A., Ripani, L. and Spica, V.R., 2012. Molecular identification of vaginal fluid by microbial signature.Forensic Science International: Genetics,6(5), pp.559-564. Grubaugh, N.D., Petz, L.N., Melanson, V.R., McMenamy, S.S., Turell, M.J., Long, L.S., Pisarcik, S.E., Kengluecha, A., Jaichapor, B., O'Guinn, M.L. and Lee, J.S., 2013. Evaluation of a field-portable DNA microarray platform and nucleic acid amplification strategies for the detection of arboviruses, arthropods, and bloodmeals.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene,88(2), pp.245-253. Hennessy, L.K., Mehendale, N., Chear, K., Jovanovich, S., Williams, S., Park, C. and Gangano, S., 2014. Developmental validation of the GlobalFiler express kit, a 24-marker STR assay, on the RapidHIT System.Forensic Science International: Genetics,13, pp.247-258. Johnson, R.N., Wilson-Wilde, L. and Linacre, A., 2014. Current and future directions of DNA in wildlife forensic science.Forensic Science International: Genetics,10, pp.1-11. McLaughlin, G., Doty, K.C. and Lednev, I.K., 2014. Discrimination of human and animal blood traces via Raman spectroscopy.Forensic science international,238, pp.91-95. Nielsen, E.E., Cariani, A., Mac Aoidh, E., Maes, G.E., Milano, I., Ogden, R., Taylor, M., Hemmer-Hansen, J., Babbucci, M., Bargelloni, L. and Bekkevold, D., 2012. Gene-associated markers provide tools for tackling illegal fishing and false eco-certification.Nature Communications,3, p.851. Reischl, U., Wittwer, C. and Cockerill, F. eds., 2012.Rapid Cycle Real-Time PCRMethods and Applications: Microbiology and Food Analysis. Springer Science Business Media. Sinha, S., Murphy, G., Brown, H., Montgomery, A., Carrol, M. and Tabak, J., 2015. Retrotransposable elements: Novel and sensitive DNA markers and their application in human identity.Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series,5, pp.e627-e629. Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. and Kumar, S., 2013. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0.Molecular biology and evolution,30(12), pp.2725-2729. Winder, L., Phillips, C., Richards, N., Ochoa Corona, F., Hardwick, S., Vink, C.J. and Goldson, S., 2011. Evaluation of DNA melting analysis as a tool for species identification.Methods in Ecology and Evolution,2(3), pp.312-320.

adult education Essay Example

adult education Essay Example adult education Essay adult education Essay Adult education is the process whereby adults engage in systematic and sustained learning activities in order to gain new forms of knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values. Adult education can take place in the workplace, through extension school (e. g. , Harvard Extension) or school of continuing education (e. g. , Columbia School of Continuing Education). Other learning places include community colleges, folk high schools, colleges and universities, libraries, and lifelong learning centers. The practice may also include Training and Development which is often associated with rofessional development. Adult education has also been referred to as andragogy (to distinguish it from pedagogy). Educating adults differs from educating children in several ways. One of the most important differences is that adults have accumulated knowledge and work experience which can add to the learning experience. Another difference is that most adult education is voluntary, therefore, the participants are generally self-motivated. Adults frequently apply their knowledge in a practical fashion to learn effectively. They must have a reasonable expectation that the nowledge they gain will help them further their goals. For example, during the 1990s, many adults, including mostly office workers, enrolled in computer training courses. These courses would teach basic use of the operating system or specific application software. Due to the fact that the abstractions governing the users interactions with a PC were so new, many people who had been working white-collar jobs for ten years or more eventually took such training courses, either at their own whim (to gain computer skills and thus earn higher pay) or at the behest of their managers. In the United States, a more general example is when adults who dropped out of high school return to school to complete general education requirements. Most upwardly mobile positions require at the very least a high school diploma or equivalent. A working adult is unlikely to have the freedom to simply quit his or her Job and go back to school full-time. Public school systems and community colleges usually offer evening or weekend classes for this reason. In Europe this is often referred to as second-chance, and many schools offer tailor-made courses and learning programs for these returning learners.

David Sarnoff and Radio Corporaton of America RCA Presenation Paper

David Sarnoff and Radio Corporaton of America RCA Presenation Paper Free Online Research Papers David Sarnoff and Radio Corporaton of America RCA Presenation Paper Until the 1970s, U.S. firms led the world in consumer electronics. American companies brought forth a steady output of affordable radios, phonographs, black-and-white television sets, and finally color TVs. Experts everywhere assumed that American companies would remain on top for a long time, perhaps forever. But those firms lost more than just their primacy. After having been almost unchallenged before the 1960s, they fell behind their European and Japanese competitors during the 1970s and 1980s, and succumbed altogether by the 1990s. Both the rise and fall of the U.S. consumer electronics industry are reflected in the story of the Radio Corporaton of America(RCA) and its charismatic leader David Sarnoff which is the main topic of my presentation today. Sarnoff, who worked as head of RCA for nearly forty years did more than any other person to bring radio and television into the American home, and his life coincided almost exactly with the development of radio and television. As early as 1912, David Sarnoff seemed destined for greatness in telecommunications. While working as a young wireless, he received the first news of the Titanics disastrous collision with an iceberg (14 April ), then remained on duty for 72 hours, relaying information and survivor lists from the rescue ship. After the incident Congress passed a law requiring large passenger ships to install wieless communications. In 1919, when British Marconi sold its American Marconi assets to General Electric (GE) to form RCA, Sarnoff came on board as commercial manager. Sarnoff was soon in charge of broadcasting as general manager of RCA (April 29, 1921), then vice president (1922) and executive vice president of RCA (January 1, 1929). He was integral in the formation of NBC in 1926. He negotiated the secret contracts with American Telephone and Telegraph (AT and T) that led to NBCs development. With the acquisition of AT and Ts broadcasting assets, RCA had two networks, the Red and the Blue, and they debuted in a simulcast on 15 November 1926. In the 1920s, he managed his companys patent portfolio to the point that it was virtually impossible to manufacture or sell radio equipment without paying royalties to RCA. In the late 1920s In 1927 Sarnoff was elected to RCAs board and during the summer of 1928, he became RCAs acting president During the end of the decade Sarnoff negotiated successful contracts to form Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) motion pictures, to introduce radios as a permanent fixture in automobiles, and to consolidate all radio manufacturing by the Victor company under RCAs banner. On 3 January 1930, the 39-year-old Sarnoff became RCAs president. The next two years were pivotal in Sarnoffs life as the Department of Justice sued GE and RCA for monopoly and restraint of trade. Sarnoff led industry efforts to combat the governments suits that would have destroyed RCA. The result was a consent decree in 1932 calling for RCAs divestiture from GE and the licensing of RCAs patents to competitors. When GE freed RCA, Sarnoff was at the helm and, for nearly the next three decades, he would oversee numerous communications development, including television. Sarnoffs interest in television began in the 1910s, when he became aware of the theory of television. By 1923, he was convinced television would be the next great step in mass communication. Under Sarnoffs direction, RCA spent over thirteen million dollars from 1930 to 1939 to develop television, which was a staggering sum during the Depression. RCA also engaged in patent litigation with Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation, which held key television patents. It was alleged that the Federal Radio Commission was being manipulated by the RCA cartel of companies. Purchasing of key Patents ensured RCAs dominance of radio and television technology, but simultaneously helped to finance and encourage continued television experimenation outside RCA. Sarnoffs determination ensured that RCA was the company to bring television to the American public. Without Sarnoffs prophetic vision, widely available commercial television would certainly have been substantially different. Working well into his seventies, Sarnoff continued to push RCA and its engineers, investing money and work-hours in computers and aerospace technology. Research Papers on David Sarnoff and Radio Corporaton of America RCA Presenation PaperAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Twilight of the UAWRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtDefinition of Export QuotasOpen Architechture a white paperMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of India

An Example of Success In A Competitive Market Research Paper

An Example of Success In A Competitive Market - Research Paper Example In order for us to answer this question, it is imperative for us to have a clear knowledge about the challenges that face a firm in a competitive market. Things like competition, changes and ramification; these are the factors that stand as a challenge to any firm, new or old. Strategic plans and business techniques of different leaders and companies worldwide have been questioned due to the advent of the transformed competitive landscape. Changes in technology, the reorganization of industries due to internationalization as well as the growing environmental awareness recently are just some of the changes that need response to all firms. The ramification or complexity on the business operations occurred as a result of environmental concerns. Different industries, most especially the manufacturing industry, reformed their packaging, toxic waste management and greater drive for the recycling of materials. Solutions to these challenges are often quite simple and common sense. First, solutions would always start at the tail end of a determined problem. Because of the inevitable surge of technological revolution, coping up with the changing time is the best solution. There were revamping and restructuring of business models by the institution of new development in technologies in operations. Second, due to the technological advancements, dire political issues, and economic developments, it creates ramification within a certain market. Also, because of internationalization, the degree of communications and centralized operation has become more complex; hence, companies started to outsource their functions and the erection of relational allies that created virtual assembly. Lastly, as what I have mentioned, the market is overpopulated with firms of duplicating services incrementing the level of competition. Added to that is the entry of new markets in global setting, imposing a menace that cannot be discounted.

Week 4 reflection paper MAM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 4 reflection paper MAM - Assignment Example Furthermore individual chromosomes occupy preferred location within the nucleus. White blood cells in human bodies like chromosome 18, hugs nucleus on the outer wall, whereas chromosome 19 remains at the center while chromosome 7 hover in between center and outer of the nucleus. DNA in chromosomes uses complex way to fold, and individual chromosomes occupies distinct locations in the nucleus and some of them prefer the periphery of the nuclear, while others like coming closer to the center. Chromosome that lies closer to one another can influence the functionality of the cells. Chromatin is very complex and consists of DNA and Proteins. If laid in a straight line, nuclear DNA in bodies of human beings would be enough to stretch from sun to earth and vice versa 100 times. Research has also shown that chromosome arrangement is not stationary; it changes during disease and development. When a gene is needed, relevant DNA loops away from other chromosomes, and becomes fully activated. Sometimes transcription factors in gene on chromosome can help to activate nearby chromosome. Furthermore, these Chromosomes are arranged in different cells, differently and the arrangement changes at the time of development. Its locations plays central role in cancer and knowing the location of chromosomes in the nucleus gives an opportunity for the detection of the cancer (Misteli 66-73). Blood transfusion has been found to be very important procedure during medical conditions, and also, tissue transplant can be done successfully from animal to animal and from one part of the body to

John F. Kennedy, the Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

John F. Kennedy, the Film - Essay Example Kennedy. Overtime, there have been numerous theories and wild speculation as to what and who was really behind the events of that fateful day. Some of these are brought out in Oliver Stone’s 1991 film, JFK. In this movie, the producer outlines some of the events following the infamous assassination through his eyes. It is a film that has been met with a great deal of criticism, with critics dismissing Oliver as a conspiracy peddler. This essay examines some of the controversy surrounding the movie and outlines the criticisms advanced against it. In the film, the primary theory advanced by Oliver Stone is that the assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, did not act alone. Following the murder of John Kennedy, there were brisk investigations into the occurrence. Earl Warren, the then Supreme Court Justice presided over the hearings. In the end, the commission drew the conclusion that Lee Oswald did, in fact carry out the assassination by himself (Knight, 62). For this reason, it does not c ome as a surprise that there is controversy surrounding the suggestion by Oliver Stone that Lee Oswald was just a pawn in the plot to assassinate the president. In the movie, Oliver Stone brings out the conspiracy angle, arguing that there were many people that wanted to see the president dead, including the Mafia, the next president, Lyndon Baines Johnson, and the CIA (Stone â€Å"JFK).

Are Fathers Crucial for Child Development?

Are Fathers Crucial for Child Development? A great emphasis is placed on the relationship between a mother and child, however, is the importance of a fathers involvement in his childs life being overlooked? The role of the father in a childs life and influence on his cognitive, social, and emotional health is irreplaceable. There are many positive characteristics that an involved father imparts on his child. Fathers are known to be more playful with children, which allows the child to learn and explore boundaries. The effects of a father positive involvement in a childs life is crucial for a healthy development. I will be outlining the components of an involved father, looking at the positive effects of fathers through different life-stages of children, and the negative effects that an uninvolved or absent father has on a child. I will also be discussing ways that a father can become more involved in his childs life. The healthy involvement of a father in a childs life is based on three traits; engagement, availability, and responsibility.[1] An involved father must be in direct contact and share experiences with his child. The father must be accessible and present for the child and make arrangements for resources to be available for his child. Based on the report The Effects of Father Involvement: An Updated Research Summary of the Evidence written by researchers Sarah Allen, Ph.D., and Kerry Daly, Ph.D., an involved father is sensitive, warm, close, friendly, supportive, intimate, nurturing, affectionate, encouraging, comforting, and accepting.[2] Involved fathers ask their children many questions and give them responsibilities. The fathers influence on children cannot be adequately conceptualized only in terms of father-child interactions; it has to be understood in a broader family context.[3] Marital quality has a direct impact on a childs wellbeing. One of the most important influences a father can have on his child is indirect.[4] Fathers play an important role in marriage. The fathers influence on his children has a direct correlation to the relationship that the father has with his wife. A father, who has a good relationship with the mother of his children, is more likely to spend quality time with their kids and have children who are psychologically and emotionally healthier.[5] Women who are emotionally supported by husbands have better pregnancies, births, breastfeeding experiences, and better post-partum mental health.[6] When mothers are supported and encouraged by their husbands, it allows the mother to better nurture the child. Involved fathers are linked to stronger marriages. In healthy marri ages, fathers are more likely to be involved in childcare responsibilities. Another benefit of a constructive and positive relationship between parents is that it serves as a model for children when they develop their own relationships.[7] A positive and healthy marriage teaches children how to provide emotional support, deal with conflict positively, and be respectful and communicate well. There are numerous positive cognitive, emotional, and social effects that a fathers involvement has on a childs life, beginning in infancy. At 2 to 25 weeks, fathers provide staccato bursts of physical and social stimulation.[8] From as young as 5 months, studies have confirmed that a fathers involvement can have powerful effects on a childs cognitive development. Infants score higher on measures of cognitive development if they have highly involved fathers.[9] The more time fathers spend with their babies the better the father understands cues, which helps create a stronger attachment. Babies are more securely attached to fathers the more time they spend with them. Fathers can create an attachment with their infants by paying attention to cues, responding consistently and compassionately.[10] Fathers should also keep babies physically close to promote feelings of safety and security. When a father talks, reads and sings to his baby, the child is comforted by his fathers voice which strengthens the attachment. In babies over 6 months of age, fathers tend to engage in more physically stimulating and unpredictable play.[11] Dads must play age-appropriate games with their babies to help the child learn about limits and boundaries and experience a range of emotions.[12] By 1 year, children whose fathers are more involved have a higher cognitive functioning.[13] Toddlers with involved fathers have better problem-solving abilities. The way that fathers play with toddlers in a one on one interaction is stimulating and allows the child to regulate feelings. Fathers tend to promote independence and orientation to the outside world and push their child to achievement.[14] Toddlers with involved fathers start school with higher levels of academic readiness and are able to handle the stresses and functions associated with schooling.[15] As children enter preschool, fathers encourage sex-role development. Most young children see their fathers as a source of strength and security.[16] To a growing boy, the father is the ideal model of how to act and behave. As children enter school-age years, studies show that children, especially boys, who experience a nurturing and involved father, receive cognitive advantages.[17] The fathers involvement in direct encourag ement of skills, like counting and reading are directly associated with the childs performance. As children get older, father involvement helps them live a more satisfied life with less emotional distress, negative feelings, and anxiety.[18] An involved father in the life of an adolescent cuts the risk of antisocial behavior problems. It is crucial that fathers spend time with their adolescent children. Fathers may become less involved as adolescents attempt to gain autonomy and establish an identity separate from the family.[19] The adolescent years are a time of transition as teenagers are trying to gain power; therefore, fathers may lose power in their relationship with their child. For adolescents and young adults, the nurturing style of fathers involvement is associated with better verbal skills, intellectual functioning, and academic achievement.[20] Teenagers and young adults cognitive development is positively impacted through critical thinking, motivation, communication skills, and independence.[21] Socially, young adults are better adjusted, dependable, and have highe r levels of self-acceptance with an involved father in their lives. There are many negative effects on children with an uninvolved father. Children can become excessively dependent on their mother. Children can also become rebellious and be difficult to control.[22] Girls expect men to act like their father does; therefore, when the father is not present, girls have a harder time knowing how she should be treated. In addition, girls with involved respectful fathers are less involved in violent and unhealthy relationships.[23] Boys with an absent father are more likely to show aggressive behaviour. A boy that is rejected by his father has difficulty learning to be a man.[24] Children of an uninvolved father are also prone to more stress and anxiety, have poorer social skills and have an increased risk of drug or alcohol abuse.[25] School-aged children without an involved father are more likely to have problems in school performance.[26] These children may have lower scores on achievement tests, and on intellectual ability and intelligence tests.[27] Children may experience behaviour problems at school like disobedience, difficulty paying attention, or have poor attendance. Emotionally and cognitively, children may have difficulty in internalizing and externalizing behaviour.[28] Negatively internalizing behaviour can result in depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. Socially, teenagers can have troubles in getting along with other children and are at risk of peer problems.[29] Adolescents who live without their father are more likely to engage in earlier sexual activity. Teenage or young parents may continue the cycle that their father started with not being involved in their childs life.[30] Fathers that are looking to become more involved in their childrens lives must believe that they have the potential and ability to be the second-greatest influence in his childs development.[31] Fathers are generally less sensitive than mothers and may assume less responsibility than the mother in child-rearing. It is crucial that fathers spend time with his child through all stages of growth as children form attachments provided that a sufficient amount of father interaction takes place.[32] The U.S Department of Health and Human Services reported why spending time with children is crucial in becoming a more involved father. [33] When fathers spend time with their child, the child will feel cared for and loved. If a father has more than one child, he should spend individual time with each child. The time that fathers spend with children should be filled with playing, having fun, being active and physical.[34] The father must engage in productive activities with kids like household c hores, educational activities, and reading which promotes intellectual growth in children.[35] The way that fathers discipline their children is crucial in positive involvement. Fathers need to be aware of the influence he has on his child. Paternal consistent discipline is associated with likable, autonomous, imaginative, and confident behaviour in boys, and well-socialized, friendly, and dependable behaviour in girls.[36] In disciplining, fathers should control emotions, body language, and their hands.[37] Fathers must also communicate guidelines with children.[38] There must be consistency in parenting from the mother and father so that children understand the standard of behaviour is the same for both parents. If a father wants to be more involved in his childs life, he must put an effort in his relationship with the childs mother. This may not always be the easiest as parents may have difficulty in marriage or are divorced. Children are affected by the feelings that their mother has towards the missing or distant father. If the father is absent in the home and the mother is antagonistic towards the childrens father, the children are more aggressive than children whose mothers are affectionate and miss the absent or uninvolved father.[39] The healthy involvement of the father in a childs life is crucial in the development of children. Fathers have a special relationship with their children. The way that a father plays and interacts with his child throughout different stages of life, teaches children valuable life-long lessons. The positive involvement of fathers in the life of his child allows the child to form an emotional attachment. In infancy, fathers can be involved in responding to cues of his child. As children grow older, fathers promote curiosity and exploration through play. In adolescent and young adult years, it is crucial for fathers to be supportive and encouraging in academic and social activities. In all their efforts fathers must be supported and encouraged to develop and grow in their relationship with their child as their influence on children is invaluable. Bibliography: Bell, Deidre. The Importance of Dads Boba. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017. . Fox, Greer L., Vey M. Nordquist, Rhett M. Billen, and Emily Furst Savoca. Father Involvement and Early Intervention: Effects of Empowerment and Father Role Identity. Family Relations 64.4 (2015): 461-75. The Effects of Father Involvement: An Updated Research Summary of the Evidence. University of Guelph, 2007. Web. 14 Mar. 2017. . Hamilton, Marshall L. Fathers Influence on Children. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1977. Print Hosier, David. Childhood Trauma: The Possible Effects of Uninvolved Parents. Child Abuse, Trauma, and Recovery.MSc, 17 Jan. 2014. Web. 14 Mar. 2017. Jeffrey, Rosenberg and Wilcox W. Bradford. The Importance of Fathers in the Healthy Development of Children. Child Abuse and Neglect User Manuel Series.( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families, 2006. Web. 23 Feb. 2017). Michael E. Lamb. The Role of the Father in Child Development. Canada: John Wiley Sons 1997. Print. Munsinger, Harry. Fundamentals of Child Development. United States of America: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971. Print. [1] Deirdre, Bell. The Importance of Dads. ( Boba. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.) . [2] Ibid, Feb 24th, 2017 [3] Michael E. Lamb. The Role of the Father in Child Development. (Canada: John Wiley Sons), 1997. Print. [4] Jeffrey, Rosenberg and Wilcox W. Bradford. The Importance of Fathers in the Healthy Development of Children. Child Abuse and Neglect User Manuel Series.( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families, 2006. Web. 23 Feb. 2017) . [5] Ibid, Feb. 23rd, 2017 [6] Deirdre, Bell. The Importance of Dads. ( Boba. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.) . [7] Ibid, Feb. 24th, 2017 [8] Michael E. Lamb. The Role of the Father in Child Development. (Canada: John Wiley Sons), 1997. Print. [9] Deirdre, Bell. The Importance of Dads. (Boba. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.) . [10] Ibid, Feb 24th, 2017 [11] Michael E. Lamb. The Role of the Father in Child Development. (Canada: John Wiley Sons), 1997. Print. [12] Ibid, Feb 27th, 2017 [13] Deirdre, Bell. The Importance of Dads. (Boba. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.) . [14] Ibid, Feb 25th, 2017 [15] Jeffrey, Rosenberg and Wilcox W. Bradford. The Importance of Fathers in the Healthy Development of Children. Child Abuse and Neglect User Manuel Series.( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families, 2006. Web. 23 Feb. 2017) . [16] Harry, Munsinger. Fundamentals of Child Development. (United States of America: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.) Print. [17] Michael E. Lamb. The Role of the Father in Child Development. (Canada: John Wiley Sons), 1997. Print. [18] Deirdre, Bell. The Importance of Dads. (Boba. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.) . [19] Michael E. Lamb. The Role of the Father in Child Development. (Canada: John Wiley Sons), 1997. Print. [20] Jeffrey, Rosenberg and Wilcox W. Bradford. The Importance of Fathers in the Healthy Development of Children. Child Abuse and Neglect User Manuel Series.( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families, 2006. Web. 23 Feb. 2017) . [21] Deirdre, Bell. The Importance of Dads. (Boba. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.) . [22]Harry, Munsinger. Fundamentals of Child Development. (United States of America: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.) Print. [23]Deirdre, Bell. The Importance of Dads. (Boba. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.) . [24] Harry, Munsinger. Fundamentals of Child Development. (United States of America: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.) Print. [25]David, Hosier. Childhood Trauma: The Possible Effects of Uninvolved Parents. Child Abuse, Trauma and Recovery. (MSc, 17 Jan. 2014. Web. 14 Mar. 2017.) [26] Fox, Greer L., Vey M. Nordquist, Rhett M. Billen, and Emily Furst Savoca. Father Involvement and Early Intervention: Effects of Empowerment and Father Role Identity. Family Relations 64.4 (2015): 461-75. The Effects of Father Involvement: An Updated Research Summary of the Evidence. University of Guelph, 2007. Web. 14 Mar. 2017. . [27] Ibid, March 14th, 2017 [28] Fox, Greer L., Vey M. Nordquist, Rhett M. Billen, and Emily Furst Savoca. Father Involvement and Early Intervention: Effects of Empowerment and Father Role Identity. Family Relations 64.4 (2015): 461-75. The Effects of Father Involvement: An Updated Research Summary of the Evidence. University of Guelph, 2007. Web. 14 Mar. 2017. . [29] Ibid, March 14th, 2017 [30] Ibid, March 14th, 2017 [31] Marshall L. Hamilton. Fathers Influence on Children. (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1977. Print) [32] Michael E. Lamb. The Role of the Father in Child Development. (Canada: John Wiley Sons), 1997. Print. [33] Deirdre, Bell. The Importance of Dads. (Boba. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.) . [34] Jeffrey, Rosenberg and Wilcox W. Bradford. The Importance of Fathers in the Healthy Development of Children. Child Abuse and Neglect User Manuel Series.( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families, 2006. Web. 23 Feb. 2017) . [35] Ibid, Feb. 23rd, 2017 [36] Marshall L. Hamilton. Fathers Influence on Children. (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1977. Print) [37] Jeffrey, Rosenberg and Wilcox W. Bradford. The Importance of Fathers in the Healthy Development of Children. Child Abuse and Neglect User Manuel Series.( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families, 2006. Web. 23 Feb. 2017) . [38] Marshall L. Hamilton. Fathers Influence on Children. (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1977. Print) [39] Harry, Munsinger. Fundamentals of Child Development. (United States of America: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.) Print.

Feminist Readings of Weltys The Golden Apples :: Endora Welty The Golden Apples

Feminist Readings of Welty's The Golden Apples Jennifer Thomas writes in her article about a study of short fiction done by Carol Ann Johnston. The study targets feminist readings of Welty's writings and focuses primarily on female characters of her works. When discussing The Golden Apples, Thomas determines it was the 'tour de force', or exceptional achievement, in Johnston's study of Welty's collections. In Johnston's study she writes of the 'self-realized women' of The Golden Apples, using character Virgie Rainey as her example. The critical article contends that in Johnston's study, her selection of contemporary critics Daniale Pitavy-Souques and Patricia Yaeger are excellent choices to include since they had recently assessed Welty within currents of modernism and feminism. She then goes on to critique Johnston for oversimplification of the terms of the stories she is analyzing by citing an example from "June Recital": An angry old man flaps open his bathrobe, exposing himself to young girls taking their piano lessons in "June Recital," a display that provides, according to Johnston "a blatant show of phallic strength, [as] he attempts to silence the female voice."In the context of the story, however, the narrator freely voices her estimate of this "old turkey gobbler" and suggests he poses no such potent threat. Some of Johnston's most convincing readings concern Welty's identification with her characters, refuting the assumption that the heroine is the author's stand-in. By keeping her eye on the writer of "June Recital," Johnston astutely reminds us: "Welty identifies with Miss Eckhart, but she writes Virgie's story. (Thomas) I strongly agree with Johnston's statement that Welty has identification to her characters, whether intentional or not. She notes that although she believes Welty identifies with Miss Eckhart in "June Recital", she writes the story for Virgie. Consistently in her stories in The Golden Apples, she writes of sheltered individuals within a close community. Johnston addresses only the identification Welty has to her characters, instead of digging deeper into relational issues. I find it fascinating that in The Golden Apples, Welty paints a picture of Miss Eckhart's life as being ideal, free to follow her own passion and art, which in Miss Eckhart's case was her piano teaching, or in Welty's life, her photography and even her writing. And at the same time, Miss Eckhart has failed relationships and an overall lonely sense about her.

Social and Economic Changes in the Atlantic World Due to Contacts Among Western Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Essay

From 1492 to 1750, there were many changes in the Atlantic world that were both social and economic. This occurred because of the new contact among Western Europe, the Americas, and Africa. There were several social changes that took place in Western Europe, the Americas, and Africa due to their contacts with the Atlantic world. Also, within these three regions, there were several economic changes as well. By 1750, Western Europe came to dominate both the Americas and Africa socially and economically.There were many social changes involving these three regions. When Western Europe came into contact with the Atlantic world, it underwent many changes, both good and bad. The declining of prices was helpful because it allowed the Europeans to be able to pay less for the necessities that were needed for everyday living. Now they were able to comfortably afford it. The Europeans had more money, and more of what they wanted and needed without having to worry. The Western Europeans also had more access to goods because of the 13 colonies.The colonies allowed them to obtain more necessary crops and foods that they needed to sustain a healthy lifestyle for themselves, and for their families. Industrialization was another social change, but this had more of a negative impact. Cities became overcrowded, which led to copious amounts of people living there. This is never helpful for society. The Americas contact with the Atlantic world led to several social changes. The Spanish conquistador Cortes invaded and conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519.Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire in 1532. When the Europeans invaded the New World it caused the religion of the native people to change drastically. Their religion became Christianity. The Bible was taught amongst all schools. This had an impact on all the children’s education in the Americas. They grew up learning the ways and faith of Christianity. Therefore, generations to come would grow up Christian. Source Cited: http:/ /www. antiessays. com/free-essays/341484. html

Emperor Montezuma Before the Spanish Arrived

Emperor Montezuma Before the Spanish Arrived Emperor Montezuma Xocoyotzà ­n (other spellings include Motecuzoma and Moctezuma) is remembered by history as the indecisive leader of the Mexica Empire who let Hernan Cortes and his conquistadors into the magnificent city of Tenochtitlan virtually unopposed. Although it is true that Montezuma was unsure of how to deal with the Spaniards and that his indecision led in no small measure to the downfall of the Aztec Empire, this is only part of the story. Before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, Montezuma was a renowned war leader, skilled diplomat and an able leader of his people who oversaw the consolidation of the Mexica Empire. A Prince of the Mexica Montezuma was born in 1467, a prince of the royal family of the Mexica Empire. Not one hundred years before Montezumas birth, the Mexica had been an outsider tribe in the Valley of Mexico, vassals of the mighty Tepanecs. During the reign of Mexica leader Itzcotl, however, the Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tacuba was formed and together they overthrew the Tepanecs. Successive emperors had expanded the empire, and by 1467 the Mexica were the unquestioned leaders of the Valley of Mexico and beyond. Montezuma was born for greatness: he was named after his grandfather Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, one of the greatest Tlatoanis or Emperors of the Mexica. Montezumas Father Axaycatl and his uncles Tà ­zoc and Ahuà ­tzotl had also been tlatoque (emperors). His name Montezuma meant he who makes himself angry, and Xocoyotzà ­n meant the younger to distinguish him from his grandfather. The Mexica Empire in 1502 In 1502, Montezumas uncle Ahuitzotl, who had served as emperor since 1486, died. He left an organized, massive Empire which stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific and covered most of present-day Central Mexico. Ahuitzotl had roughly doubled the area controlled by the Aztecs, launching conquests to the north, northeast, west and south. The conquered tribes were made vassals of the mighty Mexica and forced to send quantities of food, goods, slaves and sacrifices to Tenochtitlan. Succession of Montezuma as Tlatoani The ruler of the Mexica was called the Tlatoani, which means speaker or he who commands. When it came time to select a new ruler, the Mexica did not automatically select the previous rulers eldest son like they did in Europe. When the old Tlatoani died, a council of elders of the royal family came together to select the next one. The candidates could include all male, high-born relatives of the previous Tlatoani, but since the elders were looking for a younger man with proven battlefield and diplomatic experience, in reality they were choosing from a limited pool of several candidates. As a young prince of the royal family, Montezuma had been trained for warfare, politics, religion and diplomacy from an early age. When his uncle died in 1502, Montezuma was thirty-five years old and had distinguished himself as a warrior, general and diplomat. He had also served as a high priest. He was active in the various conquests undertaken by his uncle Ahuitzotl. Montezuma was a strong candidate, but was by no means his uncles undlisputed successor. He was elected by the elders, however, and became Tlatoani in 1502. Coronation of Montezuma A Mexica coronation was a drawn-out, splendid affair. Montezuma first went into a spiritual retreat for a few days, fasting and praying. Once that was done, there was music, dancing, festivals, feasts and the arrival of visiting nobility from allied and vassal cities. On the day of the coronation, the lords of Tacuba and Tezcoco, the most important allies of the Mexica, crowned Montezuma, because only a reigning sovereign could crown another. Once he had been crowned, Montezuma had to be confirmed. The first major step was to carry out a military campaign for the purposes of acquiring sacrificial victims for the ceremonies. Montezuma chose to war against Nopallan and Icpatepec, vassals of the Mexica who were currently in rebellion. These were in the present-day Mexican State of Oaxaca. The campaigns went smoothly; many captives were brought back to Tenochtitlan and the two rebellious city-states began paying tribute to the Aztecs.   With the sacrifices ready, it was time to confirm Montezuma as tlatoani. Great lords came from all over the Empire once again, and at a great dance led by the rulers of Tezcoco and Tacuba, Montezuma appeared in a wreath of incense smoke. Now it was official: Montezuma was the ninth tlatoani of the mighty Mexica Empire. After this appearance, Montezuma formally handed out offices to his highest ranking officials. Finally, the captives taken in battle were sacrificed. As tlatoani, he was the maximum political, military and religious figure in the land: like a king, general and pope all rolled into one. Montezuma Tlatoani The new Tlatoani had a completely different style from his predecessor, his uncle Ahuitzotl. Montezuma was an elitist: he abolished the title of quauhpilli, which meant Eagle Lord and was awarded to soldiers of common birth who had shown great courage and aptitude in battle and warfare. Instead, he filled all military and civil positions with members of the noble class. He removed or killed many of Ahutzotls top officials. The policy of reserving important posts for the nobility strengthened the Mexica hold on allied states, however. The royal court at Tenochtitlan was home to many princes of allies, who were there as hostages against the good behavior of their city-states, but they were also educated and had many opportunities in the Aztec army. Montezuma allowed them to rise in military ranks, binding them - and their families - to the tlatoani. As tlatoani, Montezuma lived a luxurious life. He had one main wife named Teotlalco, a princess from Tula of Toltec descent, and several other wives, most of them princesses of important families of allied or subjugated city-states. He also had countless concubines and he had many children by these different women. He lived in his own palace in Tenochtitlan, where he ate off of plates reserved for only him, waited on by a legion of servant boys. He changed clothes frequently and never wore the same tunic twice. He enjoyed music and there were many musicians and their instruments at his palace. War and Conquest Under Montezuma During Montezuma Xocoyotzà ­ns reign, the Mexica were in a near-constant state of war. Like his predecessors, Montezuma was charged with preserving the lands he inherited and expanding the empire. Because he inherited a large empire, much of which had been added by his predecessor Ahuitzotl, Montezuma primarily concerned himself with maintaining the empire and defeating those isolated holdout states within the Aztec sphere of influence. In addition, Montezumas armies fought frequent Flower Wars against other city states: the main purpose of these wars was not subjugation and conquest, but rather a chance for both sides to take prisoners for sacrifice in a limited military engagement.   Montezuma enjoyed mostly successes in his wars of conquest. Much of the fiercest fighting took place to the south and east of Tenochtitlan, where the various city-states of the Huaxyacac resisted Aztec rule. Montezuma was eventually victorious in bringing the region to heel. Once the troublesome peoples of the Huaxyacac tribes had been subjugated, Montezuma turned his attention to the north, where warlike Chichimec tribes still ruled, defeating the cities of Mollanco and Tlachinolticpac. Meanwhile, the stubborn region of Tlaxcala remained defiant. It was a region made up of some 200 smallish city-states led by the Tlaxcalan people united in their hatred of the Aztecs, and none of Montezumas predecessors had been able to defeat it. Montezuma tried several times to defeat the Tlaxcalans, launching large campaigns in 1503 and again in 1515. Each attempt to subjugate the fierce Tlaxcalans ended in defeat for the Mexica. This failure to neutralize their traditional enemies would come back to haunt Montezuma: in 1519, Hernan Cortes and the Spanish conquistadors befriended the Tlaxcalans, who proved to be invaluable allies against the Mexica, their most hated foe. Montezuma in 1519 In 1519, when Hernan Cortes and the Spanish conquistadors invaded, Montezuma was at the height of his power. He ruled an empire which stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific and could summon more than a million warriors. Although he was firm and decisive in dealing with his empire, he was weak when faced with the unknown invaders, which in part led to his downfall. Resources and Further Reading Berdan, Frances: Moctezuma II: la Expansion del Imperio Mexica. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana XVII - 98 (July-August 2009) 47-53.Hassig, Ross. Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988.Levy, Buddy. . New York: Bantam, 2008.Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo. Moctezuma II: la Gloria del Imperio. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana XVII - 98 (July-August 2009) 54-60.Smith, Michael. The Aztecs. 1988. Chichester: Wiley, Blackwell. Third Edition, 2012.Thomas, Hugh. . New York: Touchstone, 1993.Townsend, Richard F. The Aztecs. 1992, London: Thames and Hudson. Third Edition, 2009Vela, Enrique. Moctezuma Xocoyotzin, El que se muestra enojado, el joven. Arqueologia Mexicana Ed. Especial 40 (Oct 2011), 66-73.

Aesthetics essays

Aesthetics essays Aesthetics is concerned with the way an object affects our senses, particularly in visual terms. Once a design has been completed people will want to evaluate or criticise it. They may comment on how well it works but their initial reactions will probably be based on its aesthetics qualities. Aesthetics covers a range of factors, which affect each other. For example, every shape is made up of lines. It has a proportion and could be described as balanced, symmetrical, dynamic or static in appearance. These words help us to communicate information about shapes and in turn help us examine our feelings towards them. Aesthetics takes into account a whole range of factors such as: These are familiar terms and most of us could use them to comment on certain aspects of product design. There are less familiar terms such as harmony, rhythm, unity and balance, which can also be used to express feelings and opinions about a product. Looking at the lamp for example, I would need to add some of these feature mentioned above so that my product can be as aesthetically pleasing as possible. Saying as I am looking at a theme of Art Nouveau, I could either have the actual structure of the product an Art Nouveau design, or I could incorporate the design of Art Nouveau onto the side of the product. A confident working knowledge of aesthetics will take time to master. Every designer will become used to making and justifying design decisions that involve the aesthetics of the products they are designing. They will understand how aesthetics can affect people and become sympathetic towards different market groups tastes, cultures and styles. In the design of any product aesthetics is important, but for this particular project it is the most important factor because due to the fact that I am designing for an Art Nouveau room, I have to make the aesthetics look have a touch of Art No ...

Applying Theories to the real world cases Case Study

Applying Theories to the real world cases - Case Study Example Criminal behavior is largely seen to be learned behavior. It is also influenced by peer pressure, institutional breakdown, social environment and financial difficulties. It is through appropriate measures that the vice will be addressed appropriately. Implementing stringent punitive measures coupled with proper policy frameworks and legislations will go a long way in addressing the warring problems associated with criminality. Criminality offends the standards and values that characterize a civilized society that believes in the right to life. in his study on criminology, Abrahams (2015) observes that men consitute the highest percentage of prisoners in many nations around the world. According to the International Centre for Prison Studies, the global percentage of women in prisons constitutes about 4.3 percent. Abrahams (2015) alleges that men are likely to engage in criminal activities compared to women. While women engage in crminal activities, the gap between the two genders requires an assessment on the factors that contribute to higher criminal behavior in men. Men engage in minor offences, white collar crimes, murder and riots, among others. some of the contributors highlighted by the author include lack of education, delinguent behaviors, street gangs, peer influences, and financial difficulties, among others. Male criminality has for a long period overshadowed female criminality. However, the author argues that female criminality has been on the rise. The incidences and significance of female criminality are mini mal with some going unnoticed. Nowadays, female crime patterns have changed with offenses such as drug trafficking, white-collar crimes and violent robbery reported among women. Male criminals operate in well-connected groups that have deep connection with the authorities, thus making it hard for them to be combated. Their actions threaten the social order in a society. In Britain, for instance, Abrahams

Discuss the problems that a ship manager faces with various Essay - 1

Discuss the problems that a ship manager faces with various legislations on bunker fuels for a handymax bulk carrier that trades between North Europe and the - Essay Example veral changes in ship dimensions, cargoes carried, and general market trends during the past 25 years as a response to rapid growth of world trade and the shift in maritime markets. At the same time, there have been remarable amendments in regulations of maritime safety especially in transport of bunker fuels in bulk carrier and handymax segement. Hence, the ship manager of Handymax bulk carrier that carries bunker fuels and travels from USA to North Europe faces major problem as there is a difference between maritime regulations of USA and Europe. He has to address the technical problems due to change in legislations and he has to apply management principles for dealing these problems efficiently while manageing the bunker fuels in handymax bulk carriers between North Europe and USA. The ship manager has little flexibility in expansion due to changes maritime regulations regarding the management of bunker fuels are concerned. These regulations are made by international organizations like the International Maritime Organization and the European Union or by individual countries. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is mainly responsible for the implementation of maritime safety matters internationally which regulates the activities relating to safety at sea, pollution prevention (MARPOL), security (ISPS Code), standards of construction of offshore installations and matters relating to the non-economic issues of maritime transportation of bunker fuels. However, he faces more problems due to different regulations adopted in USA and Europe. For example, Environment Protection (Ships Ballast Water) Regulations 2006 restricts the ship manager’s choices while managing the bunker fuels in handymax bulk carriers entering Europe (EPA Victoria, 2007). This l egislation introduced by the Victorian Government speicifies ballast water reporting requirements for owners and masters of ships with capacity to carry ballast water. It also declares offences for

Employee relations and engagement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Employee relations and engagement - Assignment Example The company has incorporated and added new forms of amusement in order to attract the new generation of visitors to the park. The company is seen to employ about 250 people and amongst them 200 are members of the union and have collective bargaining rights. The company management and the union sit down for negotiations each year and decide on the demand that they approve upon from both sides of the table. The following page discusses the negotiation process between the management and employee of the organization on different lines and issues. The objective of with which we went into the management in this negotiation is to ensure that the demands of the employees in the form of increase in salary should not be accepted. We found that the union will place a demand for increase in the no. of holidays. This cannot be allowed. On the part of the demands to be placed by our part as management, we would like to place the condition of retrenchment of some of the employees. We would also place the point that we will indulge in the career development or the skill training of the employees of the organization (Mehta, 2009). We think it to be necessary on our side to negotiate and try to establish the above points as because our company has been finding it difficult to make profit since the last six years. An amusement park has opened in the 10 mile radius of our company in the past 6 years and has taken a share of the market and the visitors. This has resulted in the fact that our company has been able to just breakeven in the las t 4 years and made a loss for the first time in the last year. Due to the increased competition and loss of market share it has become necessary for our company to introduce new entertainment machinery which is called the wow factor. To maintain the market share and profitability it is required that our company should invest in new technology, games and training facilities for the

Magnificent play Essay Example for Free

Magnificent play Essay Language is extremely powerful in The Crucible. Millers words are used effectively and do not include anything unnecessary to convey the idea. For instance, She thinks to dance with me on my wifes grave. And well she might, for I thought of her softly. God help me, I lusted, and there is a promise in such sweat. But it is a whores vengeance and you must see it, I set myself entirely in your hands. This quote consists of simple speech and tells a straightforward message. Proctor knows his mistake and regrets it, but he also knows he must reveal it to the court in order to stop the trials. Another example of a powerful quote is A person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between. This quote is very effective in a way Danforth is telling everyone their fate. He is saying those against the court are evil and will suffer the consequences for it, presumably death. he tells everyone in favour of the witch trials that they are victorious and have nothing to worry about if they carry on as they are doing. The theme of this play I believe is a very interesting one. In my opinion The Crucible is about rising over adversity, standing for the truth even to the death. there are many examples in the play to support my opinion. John in the beginning wanted to keep distant from the trials, he didnt want to have a part whether good or bad, but when Elizabeth was arrested he was forced to take part. Throughout the trial, he stood for the truth. He confessed to his affair and was forgiven for his sin. He died a hero learning what truth really meant through his sufferings and struggles. there is also a great deal of hysteria in this play. The villages people were easily manipulated by Abigails lies and came to quick poorly judged conclusions, which lead to killing a great many innocent people. Act 3 is very strong most of the main things are revealed such as the courts verdict, who is right and who is wrong, who will win and who will die. It is an extremely gripping part of the play, telling how Proctor was so close to victory (through his confession and Mary Warren) yet he still defeated by the envy of Abigail, or rather the loyalty of Elizabeth and the fearful Mary warren. He knows he will die but he also knows he has a chance of stopping this fate yet because of his decency Proctor decides he would rather face death than bring trouble upon his friends and everlasting shame upon his family. I also noticed that in act 3 the three main sides are shown clearly. The power hungry stand together, those full of jealousy, greed, hate and lust join and those who are willing to sacrifice themselves for the truth unite. The people in this play may have had different motives for accusing other people, and practically sentencing them to death, but the outcome of all accusations was more or less the same. Innocent people died and there was more than one person to lay the blame on. In almost every conflict, there is someone or some people to hold responsible. In this case, it was Abigail for her manipulative nature, the Putnams for their greed, Mary Warren for being weak-willed and Rev. Parris for craving power. It makes one wonder how such a diminutive act of young girls could lead to such destruction of a community. How could innocent people be sentenced to death simply because some girls were playing and dancing? This is the power of religion and the annihilation it can cause if people refuse to tolerate any other explanation and follow it blindly. The Crucible is a magnificent play, superbly written conveying one simple message. It is better stand for the truth and sacrifice yourself than to live with a lie. It reminds us that man is not perfect, and that we can make mistakes. However, even with these mistakes, we can cleanse ourselves and purify ourselves by making what is wrong right.

Health Supplements: An analysis

Health Supplements: An analysis CHAPTER 1 The prevalence used of health supplements especially multivitamins and minerals in many developed counteries are widened eventhough their effectiveness is unclearly determined (Rock , 2007). Based on the data collected by National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000, 52 percent of US adults reported taking a dietary supplement in the past month and 35 percent is reported on regular use of a multivitamin-multimineral product. Marketing data from Nutrition Business Journal of year 1997 till 2001 show a dramatic increase in supplement sales and estimated total approximately $ 18.8 billion in 2003. In Malaysia, according to the data published by Icon Health Publication from R D Committee at INSTEAD, the latent demand for vitamin and dietary supplement has growing increasing from year to year. Since the use of health supplements continues to expand in future, thus investigating of preliminary reason behind this trend is important. Supplement consumption usually occurs in the context of achieving or maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Several studies have been suggested that individuals might tend to use health supplements in order to compensate for unhealthy behaviours (Hilliam, 1996; Kirk et al., 1999; Radimer et al., 2000). One of the important reason that contribute to the increased use of health supplement is widely availability of these agents, in part because of the minimal regulatory requirements for safety and efficacy compared with regulatory requirements for drugs. Despite the fact that health supplements are not classified as drugs by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act allows manufacturers to make claims intended to attract public opinion regarding the benefits on the use of these supplement products. Under DSHEA, product labels cannot claim to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease but it only claims to support the structure and function of the body.  [1]  Basically, consumption of health supplements can also be categorized as one of the type of c omplementary or alternative medicine (CAM). 1.2 Significance of the study Anecdotally, there is an increasing use of health supplements among Malaysian. However, relatively little is known about the patterns of use of health supplements among them. Therefore, there is a need for continued research in order to provide more knowledge related to the benefit of supplement use. To our knowledge, only one study conducted by International Medical University, has focused specifically on the usage and opinion among health sciences students on the dietary supplements. Eventhough usage of health supplement is prevalent but there are only a few published reports (Mazlan, 1990; Safiah, 2002). In parallel with the implementation of National Plan of Action for Nutrition II of Malaysia (NPANM), there is a need for continued research in order to investigate the use, attitudes and knowledge of health supplements among urban adults in Klang Valley which still represents the area with the highest prevalence of health supplements user in Malaysia. 1.3 Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the use of health supplements among Malaysians urban adults . This study not only focused on herbal supplements but it also include functional foods, nutrient and botanical products available in the market. Besides, we like to determine whether attitudes are better predictor of adults intentions to use health supplements than are subjective norms. Last but not least is to assess knowledge concerning the safety of health supplements among urban adults. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Health supplement 2.1.1 Definition of health supplement Health supplement is a term that also commonly known as dietary supplement, nutraceutical supplement or nutritional supplement. Eventhough this term has been used interchangeably, but the meaning of them is still same. In early 1990s, a nutraceutical term was coined by Dr. Stephen DeFelice and it was defined concisely as any substance either food or a part of food. It has a wider range from specific diet, isolated nutrients, processed foods, dietary supplements to genetically modified foods and also include herbal products. It was intended to be use to provides health benefits to the end user (Barnett et al., 1996). Before year 1994, the health supplement was subjected to the same regulatory requirement as other food. However, in October 1994, the President Clinton was assigned a new act under FDA regulations that known as Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act. According to the DSHEA, dietary supplement is defined as a product that intended to be taken orally in order to supple ment the diet in which it contains a dietary ingredient. The dietary ingredients in these products may include vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, and substances such as enzymes, organ tissues, glandulars and metabolites. It can also be extracts or concentrates, and may be found in many forms such as tablets, capsules, softgels, gelcaps, liquids or powders (U.S Food and Drug Administration, 1995). Whatever dosage form it is, this dietary ingredient is not considered as a drug. In case of a drug, it was subjected to undergo some procedures in order to be clinically proven safe to be used. However, dietary supplement was treated reverse to this way since that it was considered safe until proven unsafe. In addition, dietary ingredient could be used in dietary supplement without a need to get approval from FDA as food additive and generally recognised as safe (GRAS) ingredients (Susan Onel, 2005). Due to the minimal regulatory requirements of safety and its efficacy, therefore the health supplement become more widely available and this contributed to increase of its used (Bardia et al., 2007). However, in case of a new dietary ingredient present in the product then the manufacturers of dietary supplement must have to provide FDA with evidence by submission of the products safety data of at least 75 days prior to its release to the public. This dietary ingredient was considered as a new ones if it was not marketed in U.S before October 15, 1994 (Cohen, 2000). 2.1.2 Definition of health supplement user Generally, health supplement users are those healthy people who are seeking for supplements as a one of several alternatives for improving health (Sheldon Pelletier, 2003). In U.S, it has been estimated that approximately half of their adult population considered as users of health supplements (Robson et al., 2008 ; Radimer et al., 2004). A study done by Knudsen et al. in year 1997 to 1998 at two Danish cities was defined a health supplement user as a person who consumed at least one type of supplements within a period of time of the survey. Basically, Knudsen and his colleagues determined those supplement users based on their frequency intake. Result indicated that from 2758 of supplement users about 27 percent of them took more than one health supplement per day and twelve percent took three or more per day (Knudsen et al., 2002). In the present study persons who consumed any health supplement at least once in a year has been considered as dietary or health supplement users. In this study, they defined health supplement users into three groups which are daily user, weekly user and seldom user. The daily users are those who reported use of any health supplement once a day or more for the past 12 months whereas weekly users are those who reported use once a week or more but must be less than once a day for the past 12 months and seldom users are those people who reported use once a year or more but less than once a week for the past 12 months (Imai et al., 2006). 2.1.3 Types of health supplements With the increased in health awareness regarding the use of health supplements, the public is flooded by numerous health supplement products which are frequently advertised through the various media. Thus, there are many types of health supplements that have been practically used by the supplement user. 2.1.3.1 Vitamin Vitamin is a group of complex organic compounds that present in small amounts in natural foodstuffs which are play an essential role for the body to regulate normal metabolism and lack of which in the diet causes deficiency diseases (McDowell, 2000). Since vitamin can be found in daily food consumption thus for a normal healthy people intake of vitamin supplement is unnecessary. This is because overconsumption of certain vitamin such as vitamin A may lead to reversible Acute hypervitaminosis that occur after ingestion of more than or equal to 500,000 IU (over 100 times the RDA) by adults (Bendich Langseth, 1989). According to the survey done among 129 doctors working at hospitals in Kota Bharu, the results showed that the health supplements commonly used were multivitamins and minerals (92.3 percent) whereas prevalence used of vitamin C is 26.9 percent (Rohana Zulkifli, 2007). The types and usage patterns of health supplements used as shown in Table 2.1 Table 2.1 : Types and used patterns of health supplements among doctors Rank Supplement/s Regular users Sporadic users Total (%) 1 MVT plus minerals 14 1 15 (17.9) 2 Vitamin Bco 12 3 15 (17.9) 3 Vitamin C 10 1 11 (13.1) 4 Garlic 7 0 7 (8.3) 5 MVT only 5 1 6 (7.1) 6 Traditional 4 1 5 (6.0) 7 Lecithin 4 0 4 (4.8) 8 Prenatal vitamins 3 0 3 (3.6) 9 Vitamin E 3 0 3 (3.6) 10 Fish oil 2 1 3 (3.6) 11 Ginseng 2 1 3 (3.6) 12 Iron/Folic acid 2 0 2 (2.4) 13 Bee Pollen 1 1 2 (2.4) 14 Others 5 0 5 (6.0) TOTAL 74 10 84 (100.0) Source : Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 2007, Vol. 7(1):60-63 2.1.3.2 Mineral Minerals are nonorganic substances found in all body tissues and fluids such as bones, teeth, brain, liver, muscle, blood and nerve cells. They are required in modest amounts for the maintenance of structural integrity of essential molecules and development of optimal physiological function (Lukaski, 1995). Since minerals cannot be synthesized by the body therefore they must be consumed through a healthy diet. Based on the data from the NILS-LSA done in Japan, about 55 percent of males and 61 percent of females were consumed some type of health supplements and revealed that calcium was the most popular mineral consumed by both sexes ( Imai et al., 2006). In addition the study done by Chandra and his colleagues were investigated the respondents regarding to their reasons for consuming mineral supplements and their knowledge on mineral supplements. Thus, the finding of this study revealed that the most prevelent reason for consuming mineral supplements is to feel better and their lev el of knowledge on types and benefits of mineral supplements is moderate (Chandra, Miller and Willis, 2005). 2.1.3.4 Herb and other botanicals There are many different herbal and botanical supplements available on the market. Thus, approximately one third of U.S adults reported using botanical supplements (Harris Polls, 1998). In addition, in year 1999 the Chemical Market Reporter revealed that the botanical and herbal market generated approximately $3.9 billion in sales (Anonymous, 1999). A survey shown that about 57.3 percent of adults favourably used herbs in order to treat a specific illnesses (Bardia et al., 2007). According to the survey done by Newberry et al. in 2001 found that 71 of 132 respondents reported they took NVNM health supplements in order to promote good health, prevent disease and to enhance immune system. Most commonly reported used of these NVNM are includes Echinacea, ginseng, St Johns Wort, gingko biloba, ephedra, saw palmetto, chamomile and garlic. From 71 respondents who reported taken NVNM to promote good health about 77.5 percent claimed them to be effective. In addition, 50 respondents reported taken NVNM such as chamomile, gingko biloba, kava kava and St Johns wort in order to relieve depression and anxiety. Fortunately, survey indicated that 43 of 50 respondents perceived them to be effective (Newberry et al., 2001). 2.1.3.5 Amino acid Our cell is made up from different kind of the building blocks of proteins. This body protein that is called amino acid. Some of the amino acid is been synthesized within the body is called an non-essential amino acid whereas other half cannot be synthesized and must be absorbed and preformed from the gastro-intestinal tracts. This is called essential amino acid which is can be obtained from the food and amino acid supplements. A survey done among college student revealed that 17 out of 272 college students took the putative ergogenic which is commonly considered as amino acid sub-category. The prevalent reason claimed by college students regarding the used of these supplements is to enhance their athletic performance (Newberry et al., 2001). 2.3 Pattern of health supplements used From NHANES surveys discovered that the most common pattern of supplement use among US population appeared to be the use of single product which is 55 percent. Whereas 66 percent of supplement users took more than one product and only 13 percent took five or more (Sandler et al., 2001). A survey of 21 923 adults residing in the metropolitan boroughs of Bolton and Wigan, UK revealed 35.4 percent took at least one dietary supplement, 72.2 percent were taking one product whereas 27.8 percent taking two or more products. About 12.6 percent reported eating at least five portions of fruits and vegetables per day and 43.5 percent eating at least one portion of oil-rich fish per week. The use of health supplements was positively correlated with the pattern of eating at least five portions of fruits and vegetables per day (adjusted OR 1.41). Correspondingly, consumption of fish-oil supplements was higher among those eating one portion or more of oil-rich fish per week (adjusted OR 1.50) (Harr ison et al., 2004). Besides, a result of the survey also indicated that among women who were reported as regular supplement user, the most usually reported health supplements used were calcium with 60.3 percent user and 20.3 percent for glucosamine. In contrast, most commonly reported health supplements used by men were vitamin C (37.4 percent) and garlic (18.9 percent) (Robson et al., 2008). 2.4 Prevalence use of health supplements Comparison studies between NHANES 1999-2000 and previous NHANES survey which used same methodology suggested that supplement use has increased (Radimer et al., 2004). A previous study has indicated that most of the supplements have been used in order to promote general health, treat or prevent symptomatic conditions and chronic ailments (Bardia et al., 2007). In 2003 Satia-Abouta et al. study had found that supplements tend to be taken by the people that have been diagnosed with certain medical conditions than others and commented that, although some people take supplements based on efficacy but many do not. A survey result was indicated that supplement use was common among Whites, women, persons with age of 50 years and older and college educated with degree or more (Sheldon Pelletier, 2003 ; Shi et al., 2005). 2.4.1 Sociodemographic In research article by Block and Subar (1990) based on 1987 National Health Interview Survey, they investigate about the used of vitamin and mineral supplements in relation to demographics and amounts of nutrients consumed. This NHIS is a national probability survey among US population. It is the first national studies to address specifically supplement use among Hispanic population. The sample consisted of 22,080 adults of all races aged 18-99 years. A result of the survey revealed that user of vitamin and mineral supplements were slightly more women than were men of the same age and race. Survey shows that among white women within the age ranges 55-64 years, their daily usage are 39.9 percent and 38.4 percent among age ranges 65-74 years. However, among age 75 years and more it is slightly declined (34.9 percent). This indicated that usage pattern tended to increase with age which happened similarly within other sex-age categories. Based on sex-race categories, non-Hispanic whites women show the highest rates of use compared with all other races and Hispanic women show rate intermediate between those of whites and blacks (Blocks Subar, 1990 ; Jasti, Siega-Riz Bentley, 2003). Demographic data regarding income, education, and occupation show that strong socioeconomic influences upon whether individuals take supplements. From the study done by Jong et.al in 2002 revealed that the consumption behaviour towards variety of foods and supplements were associated with demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Result showed that participants in the middle and high education groups were more likely to use supplements containing Echinacea or multivitamin and minerals than individuals with lower education groups. Shi et.al in year 2005 also indicated that the intake of vitamin either in the form of tablets or capsules was significantly common among women and highly educated subjects. 2.4.4 Cultural Factors A study done by Williams et al. in 1996 indicated that cultural factor also influence in supplement use behavior. Based on ethnographic study of iron and folic acid supplementation among women of reproductive age in developing counteries, they found that cultural factors is plays role in supplement use behaviors (Williams et al., 1996). In addition to demographic determinants of supplement use, understanding of cultural factors also considered as crucial for the success of efforts to encourage supplement use in vulnerable population groups (Jasti, Siega-Riz Bentley, 2003). 2.5 Attitude and Behaviour Toward Supplementation Supplement users have been characterized as tend to be healthy people by having a positive attitude towards their health (Dickinson, 2002). In a study done on two-group design of 113 adults in the U.S, the researchers found that participants who have been diagnosed with health problems and experienced on negative effects of their illness showed likeliness to change their attitude towards supplements (McDonald Nicholson, 2006). However, in a study done by Junko Ishihara and his colleagues revealed something interesting about users attitude toward supplementation. Female supplement users who have been influenced by urban lifestyle showed negative lifestyle factors such as frequent eating out and stressful life which later contributed to moderate drinking among them. Those users might be aware of their unhealthy behaviour, hence they intentionally seek to compensate for it with health supplements (Ishihara et al., 2003). Generally, consumers considered health supplements as a safe product to be taken. However, they might not be aware about a few adverse event that have been reported regarding the unsafe use of these natural products (Ashar Rowland-Seymour, 2008 ; Palmer et al., 2003). Researchers have indicated that overdoses of Vitamin E consumption may result a prolonged bleeding time due to its effect on intrinsic coagulation pathway (McDonald Nicholson, 2006 ; Marsh Coombes, 2006). 2.5.1 Consumer dietary knowledge Knowledge regarding health supplements also influence the usage of supplements among the consumer. Based on health care professional surveyed revealed that supplement use are varied by profession with the highest frequency among nurses (88 percent), physician assistants and nurse practitioners (84 percent) and lowest among trainees (72 percent) and pharmacists (66 percent) (Jasti et al., 2003). This result indicated that health care professionals personal habit may affected whether they will recommend a use of health supplement or not (Frank et al., 2000). Futher indication of the supplement use is strongly associated with increased knowledge about nutrition and health (Dickinson, 2002). From the survey done on 4501 female physicians who participating in the Women Physicians Health Study revealed that half of them took a multivitamin-mineral supplement and most of them are those at high risk of getting disease. For example, those who susceptible in getting heart disease tend to consume antioxidant and those with a history of osteoporosis were nearly three times more likely to consume calcium supplement then those with no history of osteoporosis (Dickinson, 2002 ; Frank, Bendich Denniston, 2000). A study done by Gardiner and her colleagues between September, 2004 and May, 2005 found that nurses were more preferably to use a multivitamin than other professionals whereas students were more likely to use calcium (Gardiner et al., 2006). Basically, the types of health supplements used by HCP in such no differences compare to those used by the general public (Millen et al., 1987 ; Patterson et al., 1999).This result is consistent with previous surveys of HCPs which indicate a positive correlation between higher use, greater knowledge and increased communications with patients about benefit regarding the use of health supplement (Corbin Shapiro, 2002 ; Lindquist, Tracy Savik, 2003 ; Tracy et al., 2005). In case of ordinary users, their knowledge about health supplement also influence the usage of the product. A study done by Peters and his colleagues found that supplements user are those people who seek for self-educated approach by consulting a medical doctor and gathering infor mation from credible media sources such as the Internet (Peters et al., 2003). 2.5.2 Lifestyle As one of the developed countries, Malaysians were experienced a nutritional and lifestyle transition due to urbanization, industrialization and globalization. Thus, these rapid alarming trends have lead to the prevalence case of obesity among Malaysians. A study done by National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) in 2006 was revealed that 14 percents of the adults were obese with the BMI is more than 30 kg/m2. Therefore, this will increased the consumption intake of certain health supplement product that common use in weight loss management program such as Bitter orange (Ashar Rowland-Seymour, 2008). In the NHANES 1999-2000, data indicated that those with higher body mass index and current smokers shown as a less likelihood of reporting use of health supplements (Dwyer, Garceau Evans, 2001 ; Rock et al., 1997). Nonsmokers were more likely to take supplements than were current smokers (Lyle et al., 1998 ; Patterson et al., 1998 ; Subar Block, 1990). Supplement use also associated with healthy lifestyle, which was similar to the earlier-reported tendency for smoking. For BMI, there was a significant linear decrease of dietary supplement users for higher BMI groups in both sexes (Lyle et al., 1998 ; Newman et al., 1998 ; Subar Block, 1990). Regarding exercise, there was a significant linear increase in those groups who exercise more frequently. Prior studies had reported alcohol consumption in health supplement users as either having no association or as showing more users among moderate drinkers. Women who drank moderately (once a month to 6 times a week) were most likely to be users (Ishihara et al., 2003). Study done on a population-based sample of urban Japanese revealed that subjects who experienced more daily stressors (95% CI) are at more higher level of the consumption of vitamin supplements and vitamin enriched drinks compare to those with fewer daily stressors. OR from this study indicated that intake of vitamin supplements by healthy lifestyles subjects was related with acts to solve problems whereas in subjects with unhealthy lifestyle, reason of intake was associated with daily stressors (Shi et al., 2005). CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study design This was a descriptive and cross sectional study Sample size was determined by using a statistical method 3.2 Participants By using a multistage random strategy,400 subjects aged between 20 to 69 years were selected from large population of adults in Klang Valley. Klang Valley is urban areas that consists of Gombak, Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya, Shah Alam and Klang areas. The ethnicity of the participants were unlimited to specific ethnic group only. Participants were identified at area clinics, shopping complex and park. 3.3 Questionnaires A questionnaires was designed to collect information among urban adults regarding their use of health supplements and their attitudes and knowledge toward supplementation of these popular substances. This validated questionnaire was developed from other previous survey and some based on literature review, but we take into account health supplements commonly used in the local setting. This survey questions consisted of four sections. The first section consisted of general demographics information such as gender, race and education. In addition, the participants also will be assessed on their current health status. The second section assessed on the usage of health supplement among those subjects. This part going to find out who took supplements and which ones they took, thus participants will be asked Do you usually take any of these supplements? then subsequent to previous question can be asked. Some products were listed in the questionnaire were the most popular health supplement p roducts in the Malaysia. For completeness, they could add any other health supplement to the list. In the analysis, health supplements were classified into few separate categories such as vitamins, minerals, herbal and other supplements. Question on how they find out about their supplement and how much their are taking each day also possible to be asked. The third session focused on attitudes of participants toward health supplements and the fourth section examined their perception of knowledge concerning the safety of these products. In this questionnaire, the participants will read the questions and statements that have been asked, most of which provided with a true/ false/ dont know or yes/ no/ dont know answer. This questionnaire are provided in the Appendix. 3.4 Statistical Analysis All statistical analyses were conducted by using SPSS version 17 for Window XP. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means, standard deviations (SD), percentage were used to describe all the variables. One-way ANOVA was used to determine differences in continuous variables such as gender, age, education and income. Adjusted odd ratios (OR) of each preditors were calculated using multiple logistic regression in order to examine the effects of demographic and lifestyle on use or non-use of health supplements. Multiple logistic regression analysis also been used to identify the independent contribution of attitudes and knowledge toward the probability of use of health supplements. Futhermore, chi-square test also was used in order to find the correlation between qualitative variables at the 5% significance level. A p-value which less than 0.05 represents a significant difference. 3.5 Ethical approval Ethical approval for this survey was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Research Management Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA.